The key A on your computer keyboard maps onto the note C, and the letters to the right of A (SDFGHJ) map onto the notes above C in a C major scale (DEFGAB). The letters WETYU map onto the black keys of a piano.
The synthesizer constructs voices according to the amplifier and filter ADSR settings. The amplifier ADSR modulates the gain of the signal over time, and the filter ADSR modulates the detune of the cutoff filter.
Credit to Stuart Memo for the keyboard.